Merchant of Venice Shylock More Sinned Against Than Sinning

Is Shylock more sinned against than sinning? Many different views can be taken on the Jewish merchant Shylock in the play ‘The Merchant of Venice’ written by William Shakespeare. Although when taking into account the many trials and tribulations that Shylock had to endure, it is forthcoming to say that Shylock was more sinned against than sinning. There are key and defining moments in this play when it becomes more apparent as to why Shylock is acting out against Antonio. From early on when Antonio goes to Shylock, the audience is notified of the distaste Antonio has for Shylock. On top of this, the treatment of him after he loses his daughter to the one thing he hates more than Antonio, his beliefs, coupled with the manner in which he†¦show more content†¦In his eyes every Christian is like Antonio, he does not sympothise. It is well known that he is hurt, for he is also human. He even says ‘Oh my breathing, no tears Oh my shedding.’ To deal with this constant throbbing that rattles his core and then have the people mock him and laugh at him as is to gloat. It is a constant battle, and he is a one man army. He is quick to blame Salarino, the closest person around saying ‘you knew.’ Salarino sarcastically admits that he did saying, ‘that’s certain. I for, my part knew the tailor that made the wings she flew withal.’ Their inability to sympathise or even minutely respect him coupled with the fact that they consider themselves superior is a part of why he felt the urge to seek revenge. They were constantly sinning against him. Before he was angry, although is has escalated to the point where now he seeks retribution. While the masses were so eager to see him fail, now he is eager to see Antonio fail. For Antonio is a reflection and representation of the people of Venice. This is why Shylock is pleased to hear of Antonio’s misfortunes. Although his whole motive is explained when he likens himself to a Christian. Yet by putting himself on the same level as them he informs them, ‘the villainy you teach me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.’ This urge to revenge has only been brought onShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeares The Merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare features, Shylock a very controversial character due to his religion, profession and personal traits. Professionally Shylock lends money to people in debt, in order to gain interest and profit. Although, this is very much central to our modern way of life, in the Elizabethan period, money lending was not accepted as an acceptable profession. Throughout The Merchant of Venice Shylock is portrayedRead MoreChristian Prejudice and Racial Discrimination of Marginalized in the Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare3691 Words   |  15 PagesIn Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, there are quite a few cases in which the non-Christian characters are marginalized and victimized of Christian prejudice and absolute racism. The Christian prejudice and racial discrimination transpires through the use of language and terms of reference. In sixteenth-century Europe, Jews were a despised and persecuted minority. England, in fact, went beyond mere persecution and harassment by banning Jews from the country altogether. In theory at least, thereRead MoreMerchant of Venice - Modern Humanitarianism1274 Words   |  6 PagescenterbModern Humanitarianism has run riot on Shylock. Discuss./b/center br brThe Merchant of Venice is concerned with two issues that were of importance in the Elizabethan Age: Jewry and Usury. It is generally assumed t hat the Elizabethan attitude to Jewry was hostile and that the execution of Roderigo Lopez in 1594 was characteristic of the Christian rejection of all ‘Jews, Turks, Infidels and Heretics, who were considered to be misbelievers. But this could also be a false assumption

How Does Much Friends Affect The Self Esteem Of A Student...

Jose shared how he tries to hide that he is a First Generation College Student for he is afraid that he might be judged by his peers of being ignorant. He shared that many people have a stereotype that First Generation College Students do not know what they are doing in college and that they are not smart enough. He said he tries harder than most of his peers to make sure that he does not get that label when his friends find out he is a First Generation College Student; he reminds himself that it is a motivator to succeed. His statement taught me about how much friends can impact the self-esteem of a student and the effect it can have. I asked the students if they can go back in time when they applied for different colleges and universities what would they do differently or wish you had. They all shared that they wish they had a mentor who would lead and guide them about the steps into going to college. They wished they had someone who offered guidance to know what campus might be the best fit for their character and talents. They emphasized the fact that it would have been helpful if there was a clear instruction on how to fill out FAFSA. They talked about different terms that they did not understand until they heard from their peers. Overall, they wished they had more information about the process of applying to different colleges with detailed information about what it means to the students and the parents. I have sought out different resources to read aboutShow MoreRelatedSelf -Esteem and Student Success1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Self-Esteem on Student Success Cristine Scott Central Michigan University CED 502 Student Development in Higher Education Mr. John Lalibertà © In today’s’ society, success is often measured by academic and professional achievement. Higher education provides more opportunity and freedom. 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Famed sociologist Morris Rosenberg found that â€Å"identity construction involves both identity announcement and identity placement† (MehdizadehRead MoreAnalysis Of Prader Willi Syndrome, A Very Low Incidence Disability1431 Words   |  6 Pageslearning about the son’s disability and how the different family subsystems are affected. When the family found out that the last son was diagnosed with this disease there had to be a lot of adaptability for the family because their lives would have to be altered to accommodate the son. The culture of the family had changed once the son was born. The mother talked about how as the son grew up and they lived with a child with a disability their whole family became much more patient with him, and everyoneRead MoreWhy I Want For The People Who Will Influence My Identity Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesEver since I was little, my mom has repeated little sayings to my brothers and I. 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In some of the most extreme cases in the last few decades have resulted in young victims who have attempted/succeeded in committingRead More Self Esteem in Our Culture Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesSelf Esteem and Culture Self esteem is all about how much people value them self, the pride they feel in themselves, and how worthwhile they feel. Self esteem is important because feeling good about yourself can affect how you act. A person who has high self esteem will make friends easily, is more in control of his or her behavior and will enjoy life more (Heine). To begin you must understand that there is a difference between high self esteem, arrogance, and pride. Arrogance is a negative traitRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society954 Words   |  4 PagesDo people ever think about how much time they spend online? Have they noticed its effects on them? As stated by Andreassen, Pallesen and Griffiths (2016), â€Å"Social media have become an increasingly popular leisure activity over the last decade.† Yes, there are always two sides to everything, the good and the bad. Social networking can yield both benefits and problems with similar individuals. Social networking highlights both negative and positive effects also on students, according to the argumentRead MoreSocial Media Effects On Relationships1338 Words   |  6 Pagescomments, pictures and even articles. They accomplish a long friends list and many social interactions whether real-life friends or online friends. Facebook is one of the leading social networks, it consists currently of more than billion user around the world . It is part of everyone’s daily life st yle, it can be accessed at any time anywhere, and the technological developments as advanced mobile phones, tabs and iPad have ease this so much. Different genders and age intervals are using these social

Revenue or Yield Management in Hospitality Industry

Question: Discuss about the Revenue or Yield Management in Hospitality Industry. Answer: Introduction Revenue management is critical for achievement of the financial goals for every organization regardless its industry, nature of business, or size of its operations. There are two primary elements in the revenue management such as demand and price. The management of these two primary elements is crucial to ensure proper revenue management aligned with the organizational goals and strategies (Huefner, 2011). Thus, the revenue management could be defined as a disciplined approach to analyze and predict the consumer demand and set the prices to ensure attainment of the optimal revenues. In this context, a report has been prepared here that deals with various crucial aspects of the revenue management in the hospitality sector. This report covers discussion on the technical terms used in revenue management in the hospitality sector such as occupancy, ADR, and RevPAR. Further, the report also covers tactics to analyze hotels performance along with analysis of the competitors. The analysis of competitors is crucial to gauge own weakness and implanting alternative solutions to overcome such noticed weaknesses (Huefner, 2011). In addition to this, the discussion has also been put across the yield management strategies to be adopted by the managers of a hotel. Definition of Occupancy, ADR, RevPAR Understanding of the technical terms such as occupancy, ADR, RevPAR is important in revenues management. In the hospitality sector, occupancy rate refers to the unit demand. It is calculated by dividing the occupied rooms of a hotel by total number of rooms available for rental (Hayes, Ninemeier, Miller, 2011). The occupancy rate is used in computing the demand, which is a necessary element of revenue computation. Another important element of revenue computation in the hospitality sector is the average daily rate (ADR). The average daily rate represents the rental revenues per occupied rental unit, for example room. The RevPAR is referred as revenue per available room, which is computed by multiplying the ADR by occupancy rate of the hotel. In the hospitality sector, the RevPAR is used to measure the performance of hotel and its management over a given period of time (Hayes, Ninemeier, Miller, 2011). Analysis of the Hotels Performance against Its Competitors The first thing that could be observed about the hotel is the high occupancy rate as shown in the Smith Travel Research (STR) report. The report shows that occupancy rate of the hotel is higher than its competitor in all week day except Saturday. It has been observed that the occupancy rate of the hotel on Saturday was 94.70%, against which the competitor achieved an occupancy rate of 94.80%, which is marginally higher (Appendix). The high occupancy rate clearly indicates that the hotel is in demand. Further, the trend in respect of occupancy of the hotel also depicts increase by 39.10% in the current week as compared to only 6.90% increase in the case of the competitor (appendix). The next thing observed in respect of the hotel was the low average daily rates (ADR). It was observed that the hotel maintained ADR of 40.79 in the current week as against the ADR of 69.39 of its competitor. It may be that the hotel is following strategy to maintain low ADR to attract more customers. The companies adopt changes in the prices to infuse demand, but the change in the price should not result in reduction in the overall revenues. The third observation in respect of RevPAR indicates that the same has happened to the hotel in the current week. The hotel reduced ADR so low that its RevPAR went lower than that of its competitor. For the current week, RevPAR of the hotel was 36.43 as against 45.32 of its competitor (Appendix). Thus, despite maintaining high occupancy, hotels RevPAR went down, which indicates that the reduction in the ADR was not sustainable. Thus, based on RevPAR, it could be articulated that the performance of the hotel has been down as compared to its competitor. However, the hotel has built up a solid customer base, which is depicted in the high occupancy rate; thus, in the future, sustained increase in ADR could be made to gain from the situation (Ivanov, 2014). Ways to Analyze the Competitors In the current business scenario of throat cut competition, it has been become essential for the companies to keep eyes on the competitors and analyze their strengths, weaknesses, and strategies. For this purpose, SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat) analysis of the competitor can be carried out. SWOT analysis focuses on the analysis of four core elements such as strengths and weaknesses of the business and opportunities and threats emanating from the environment (Varghese, 2012). The results of the SWOT analysis disclose the core competencies of the competitor and the weak areas, which can be exploited by others. Though SWOT analysis covers all the crucial areas of business such as marketing, finance, and administration, but it emphasizes much on marketing (Varghese, 2012). However, it should be noted that analysis of the marketing strategies and competencies of the competitors is not the only aspect that needs to be looked into in a competitor analysis. There are crucial areas such as finance, which should be analyzed in a competitor analysis. For this purpose, the financial statements of the competitor for preceding years say for 5 or 10 years could be referred. The analysis of the financial statement reveals the financial performance and position of the company, which is necessary to understand the standing of the competitor in the market place (Varghese, 2012). Yield Management Strategies The yield management strategies are applied for the purpose of effectively managing the revenues by adjusting the prices of goods or services. These strategies are effective in managing revenues when the resources are limit, for example, rooms in case of hotels, airlines in case of an airline company. The primary purpose of yield management strategy is to reduce the wastage and maximize the output within the constraint of the resources (Ingold, Yeoman, Beattie, 2000). There are various strategies that can be applied in the field of yield management; among them major five are listed as below: Adjusting prices of the goods and services: Adjusting the prices of the goods and services is the biggest tool in the hands of the management. The price affects demand, therefore, the management uses price as the tool to optimize the demand (Rouse, 2011). Controlling inventory in a better way: Controlling of inventory sometimes becomes pertinent, for example, in case of perishable goods. The perishable goods purchased in high quantities in the anticipation of high demand could causes heavy losses. Period wise analysis of demand: In order to utilize the resources to the optimal level, the industries such as hospitality and airlines conduct period wise analysis of demand. Based on this analysis, the periods are segregated as peak period and lean period (Rouse, 2011). Market or product wise analysis of demand: The analysis of demand based on the market or product is also helpful in putting the limited resources to their optimal use. Bringing lucrative incentive policies: This strategy is used to push the demand upside. As per this strategy, the firms in the industry such as hospitality bring in incentive policies for the staff so that the load of peak season could be sustained without many problems (Rouse, 2011). In the case being analyzed in this report, it could be observed that the demand is at excellent level as indicated by high occupancy rate, but the pricing needs modifications. Therefore, the management of the hotel should follow the strategy of adjusting the average daily rates. At present, the average daily rates of the hotel are so low that RevPAR is slopping downward despite registering growth in occupancy. Thus, with the motive to increase RevPAR, the management of the hotel should revise ADR to upside. Further, in order to sustain the hike in ADR, the management may consider delivering some additional value added services to the customers (Rouse, 2011). Communication with the Stakeholders In order to ensure successful implementation of the strategies and plans it is necessary to communicate them to the stakeholders in an effective manner. For this purpose, firstly it is crucial to identify the stakeholders to be communicated in respect of a particular strategy or plan correctly. For instance, in the current case, if the revenue manager plans to alter the prices for the room rent, the key stakeholders to be communicated will be top management, lower level management, and the customers (Bourne, 2015). The communication within the management that top management and lower level of management is the part if internal processes while the communication with the customers can be achieved through advertisement in a better way (Bourne, 2015). The revenue manager will have to first get the approval of the top management before considering implementation of the strategy. Thus, for this purpose, it is advisable that the revenue manager arranges a pre-informed meeting with the top management. The revenue manager should disclose the facts and figures along with analysis of the estimated benefits to the organization from the implementation of the strategy (Bourne, 2015). After getting approval from the top management, the revenue manager will have to communicate the implementation plan to the lower level management. This communication can be made through a meeting or sending written communication personally to the lower level managers. In this communication, the lower level staff should be made aware of the changes to be carried out through the strategy implementation and their duties and accountability toward the same (Bourne, 2015). Further, the third group of stakeholders that needs to be communicated about the changes in the prices of goods and services under the new strategy is the customers. In order to communicate, the customers, the advertisement and marketing channels to be used by the revenues manager (Bourne, 2015). Implement Revenue or Yield Management Strategies The two prominent areas where revenue or yield management strategies could be implemented are market segmentation and provisioning of bundled services. The market segmentation implies drawing out strategy to enter in the new segment of the market. In the case of a hotel, the new market segment could be providing space for corporate meetings to the companies (Marketing4restaurants, 2012). Thus, a hotel which primarily provides accommodation to the tourists could enter into new service area that is to provide services for corporate meetings to the companies. Further, the other area for implementation of yield management strategies is provisioning of bundled services. Following the policy of provisioning of bundled services, the hotel can offer multiple services in a single package. For example, the hotel providing only accommodation services could club in other services such as food serving, guide services, and local transportation for the visitors (Marketing4restaurants, 2012). The bundling of various services along with accommodation would be helpful for the hotel to add value for its customers. It will boost up the sales revenues of the hotel. Apart from these alternatives, further steps could also be taken by the management through pricing policy to improve the yield. Based on the size of booking amount, the customers should be give discount on the price. The price discount policy should fair and competitive. It will help the hotel to enhance revenues in a quick time. In addition to this there are few other examples that could be applied in yield management in a hotel. For example, the hotel may consider getting into an alliance with the airlines or agents to catch the customers more easily (Marketing4restaurants, 2012). Conclusion The discussion in this report resolves around the subject matter of revenue or yield management in the context of hospitality industry. From the discussion carried in this report, it can be articulated that the yield management is crucial for the survival of the firms operating in the hospitality industry. The area of yield management is strategic and tactical that requires formulation of different strategies keeping the competitors in mind. The analysis of competitors thus becomes necessary before framing the strategies for yield management. Further, the discussion of the report extends to descriptions and application of the yield management strategies. References Bourne, L. 2015. Making Projects Work: Effective Stakeholder and Communication Management. CRC Press. Hayes, D.K., Ninemeier, J.D., Miller, A.A. 2011. Foundations of Lodging Management, 2/e. Pearson Education India. Huefner, R. 2011. Revenue Management: A Path to Increased Profits. Business Expert Press. Ingold, A., Yeoman, I., Beattie, U.M. 2000. Yield Management. Cengage Learning EMEA. Ivanov, S. 2014. Hotel Revenue Management: From Theory to Practice. Zangador. Marketing4restaurants. 2012. 7 tips for restaurant yield management. Retrieved December 06, 2016, from https://marketing4restaurants.com/7-tips-for-restaurant-yield-management/ Rouse, P. 2011. Revenue Management for Service Organizations. Business Expert Press. Varghese, J. 2012. Competitor Analysis:Working Paper. AuthorHouse.

The Road by Cormac McCarthy

‘The Road’ is a book by Cormac McCarthy that focuses on a post-apocalyptic event involving a nuclear war. Evil is prevalent and man seems to have lost any sense of morality. Theft, murder, cannibalism and all forms of brutality seem to be the order of the day. This quote from the book is a clear indication of how worse things had become:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘The Road’ by Cormac McCarthy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People sitting on the sidewalk in the dawn half immolate smoking in their clothes, like failed sectarian suicides. Others would come to help them. Within a year there were fires on the ridges and deranged chanting. The screams of the murdered, by day the dead impaled on spikes along the road. What had they done? He thought that in the history of the world it might even be that there was more punishment than crime but he took small comfort from it (McCarthy 53). The story is centered on a post apocalyptic event that causes the suffering of humanity. People lack the most basic necessities and live under extreme cruelty. An unnamed man and his small boy are exposed to the brutality. There are incidences of rape, theft and cannibalism all over. When they try to escape from the brutality, they come across one of the ‘bad guys’ who intends to kidnap and kill the boy. The man shoots him and they escape but they are disturbed by the incidence. When the man and the boy run out of food, they go to a place where they come across some scary scenes. Humans are held captive by some gang, and are kept like livestock to be feasted upon. Such was the intensity of human cruelty. In one of the passages the writer says; â€Å"The frailty of everything revealed at last. Old and troubling issues resolved into nothingness and night (McCarthy 24).† People are prone to hunger and starvation, the man and the boy, for instance, are at the verge of starvation when they come across an apple orchard and a well. This cushions them against starvation. When they run out of their food reserves again, they came across canned food at some bomb shelters but they do not take the same with ease as they fear for their security. The theme of violence is also brought out when the boy’s mother clearly expresses her fears that they might soon be found, raped and killed, as such had become normal in the society. She even states that in the past they would talk about death but they no longer did as it was being witnessed everywhere. This is evident in her statement: No, I’m speaking the truth. Sooner or later they will catch us and they will kill us. They will rape me. They’ll rape him. They are going to rape us and kill us and eat us and you won’t face it†¦ We used to talk about death,† she said, â€Å"We don’t anymore. Why is that?†¦ It’s because it’s here. There’s no thing left to talk about (McCarthy 93).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All these point to the absence of law and order. The scarcity of resources drives people to steal, kill and even become cannibals. Those who attempt decency try to avoid the vices and are only driven to the extremes out of necessity. This is evident in the passage, â€Å"The man had already dropped to the ground and he swung with him and leveled the pistol and fired from a two-handed position balanced on both knees at a distance of six feet. The man fell back instantly and lay with blood bubbling from the hole in his forehead (McCarthy 102).† In spite of all these, the man and the boy remain compassionate and generous. The boy, for instance, does not harm anyone, while the man does so only when it is really necessary. This implies that in the midst of all the cruelty, the virtues of compassion and morality can still prevail. The woman however opts to commit suicide so as to escape the cruelty. The man also preserves two bullets in the gun for self destruction incase things get to the extreme. This is evident in the passage: She was gone and the coldness of it was her final gift. She would do it with a flake of obsidian†¦ and she was right. There was no argument. The hundred nights they’d sat up debating the pros and cons of self destruction with the earnestness of philosophers chained to a madhouse wall (McCarthy 94) This is a clear indication that suicide seemed a better option under extreme brutality. On their journey, they come across incidences of cannibalism as evident in the passage, â€Å"Coming back he found the bones and the skin piled together with rocks over them†¦He pushed at the bones with the toe of his shoe. They looked to have been boiled (McCarthy 110).† In the novel, it is also quite evident that the people are subjected to abject po verty to the level that some do not even have clothing as evident in the passage, â€Å"Huddled against the back wall were naked people, male and female, all trying to hide, shielding their faces with their hands (McCarthy 168).†Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘The Road’ by Cormac McCarthy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such lack is what drives the people to cruelty for survival. It is a man-eat-man society and virtues seem rare. People are raised just like livestock for slaughter, and the conditions under which they are raised are pathetic. The boy is exposed to the world at its worst and the man is not even able to explain the same to him. Cruelty had become normal and one had to use any means including hurting or killing so as to survive. Someone, for instance, tries to kill them by shooting them with an arrow. The man is wounded on the leg but manages to protect the boy. Before the off ender could aim again, the man shoots at him and they all hear him scream. The Man and the boy seem to be living in isolation from the good people. It almost seems as though even God had abandoned them. In spite of all these, their affection for each other remains strong. Their memory of a better past makes it so hard for them to come into terms with the current happenings. The writer seems to be pointing to the fact that with such cruelty, human are likely disappear from the face of the earth. One of the characters, for instance says: When we’re all gone at last then there’ll be nobody here but death and his days will be numbered too. He’ll be out in the road there with nothing to do and nobody to do it to. He’ll say: Where did everybody go? And that’s how it will be. What’s wrong with that? (McCarthy 237). At first the boy is left by the mother, who opts to commit suicide as she can no longer cope with the hopelessness. At the end the boy is also left by the father, who dies and leaves him alone in a world that is so difficult to cope with. People are in a state of disillusion and it is even hard for one to imagine that things will ever get better. The man for instance says, â€Å"Well, I don’t think we’re likely to meet any good guys on the road (McCarthy 224).† This is a clear indication of the hopelessness that existed. The land is unproductive and in desolation. It is quite evident from their conversation that people were hiding from each other. The phrase points to the fear and isolation that had become evident. No one could trust another. The man refuses to imagine that the ancestors were watching and that there would be any form of justice at the end. According to him, they were dead and that was all. It is as though the human history and morality had been eroded by that devastating apocalyptic event. While asked the purpose of the gun, the man indicated that he possessed it for the purpos e of setting others on fire and not necessarily signaling. Such are the extremes that the world had reached so that a grisly weapon is used for signaling and setting others on fire. The society seems to be divided into two, the ‘good guys’ and the ‘bad guys.’ The bad ones seem to engage in acts that demean and even eliminate those that are weaker than them.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They enslave, torture and even kill them while the good ones try not to harm others unless if it is out of necessity as in the case of self defense. The man and the boy fall in this category. He assures the boy that they were still good guys. The man goes ahead to assure the boy that they would not eat a human even if they were starving. This is a basic form of decency that any man is expected to have but it is quite surprising that most people. Works Cited McCarthy, Cormac. The Road. New York: Pan Macmillan Limited, 2010. Print. This essay on ‘The Road’ by Cormac McCarthy was written and submitted by user Git Hoskins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

If the French Supposer Hypothesizes, Add Subjunctive

If the French Supposer Hypothesizes, Add Subjunctive When  supposer  (to  suppose or to assume) is used with a dependent clause beginning with  que, the dependent clause may use a subjunctive verb, depending on how supposer is used. When it expresses an assumption, no:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je suppose quil le fait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I assume that he is doing it. When the subject is presenting a hypothesis, yes:      Supposons quil le fasse.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lets suppose that he does it. Supposer que joins a long list of similar verbs and expressions of doubt, possibility, supposition, and opinion; they all also need the subjunctive in the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹que  subordinate clause. Supposer and Supposer Que Supposer que,  when used to express an hypothesis,  fulfills the subjunctives underlying requirement  of  expressing actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain. As with  this use of supposer  que,  the French subjunctive  is nearly always found in dependent clauses introduced by  que  or  qui, and the subjects of the dependent and main clauses are usually different, as in:      Je veux que tu le fasses.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I want you to do it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il faut que nous partions.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is necessary that we leave. French Verbs and Expressions Similar to Supposer Que Here are other verbs and expressions that, like  supposer que,  can communicate  doubt, possibility, supposition, and opinion. They all require the subjunctive in the dependent clause that  begins with  que.  There are many other types of constructions that need the French subjunctive as well, which are explained and listed in the full-on  subjunctivator  (our term). accepter que   to acceptsattendre ce que  Ã‚  to expect thatchercher ... qui*  Ã‚  to look fordà ©tester que  Ã‚  to hate thatdouter que**  Ã‚  to doubt thatil est convenable que  Ã‚  it is proper/fitting/appropriate thatil est douteux que**  Ã‚  it is doubtful thatil est faux que  Ã‚  it is false thatil est impossible que  Ã‚  it is impossible thatil est improbable que  Ã‚  it is improbable thatil est juste que  Ã‚  it is right/fair thatil est possible que  Ã‚  it is possible thatil est peu probable que  Ã‚  it is not very likely  thatil nest pas certain que  Ã‚  it is not certain thatil nest pas clair que  Ã‚  it is not clear thatil nest pas à ©vident que  Ã‚  it is not obvious thatil nest pas exact que  Ã‚  it is not correct thatil nest pas probable que  Ã‚  it is unlikely thatil nest pas sà »r que  Ã‚  it is not certain thatil nest pas vrai que  Ã‚  it is not true thatil semble que  Ã‚  it seems thatil se peut que  Ã‚  it may be t hatle fait que  Ã‚  the fact thatnier que***  Ã‚  to deny thatrefuser que  Ã‚  to refusesupposer que  Ã‚  to suppose / assume; to hypothesize *When you are looking for someone who may not exist, this indicates doubt and therefore requires the subjunctive in the dependent clause:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je cherche un homme qui sache la và ©rità ©.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Im looking for a man who knows the truth. **These do not take the subjunctive when they are used negatively:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je doute quil vienne. I  doubt hes coming.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je ne doute pas quil vient.   I dont doubt hes coming. ***When  nier  is in the negative, its followed by the the more formal ne explà ©tif, which uses only ne  (without pas).      Il na pas nià © quelle ne soit partie.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He didnt deny that she left. Additional Resources The SubjunctivatorQuiz: Subjunctive or indicative?

Defining and Understanding Literacy

Defining and Understanding Literacy Simply put, literacy is the ability to read and write in at least one language. So just about everyone in developed countries is literate in the basic sense. In her book The Literacy Wars,  Ilana Snyder argues that there is no single, correct view of literacy that would be universally accepted. There are a number of competing definitions, and these definitions are continually changing and evolving. The following quotes raise several issues about literacy, its necessity, its power, and its evolution. Observations on Literacy Literacy is a human right, a tool of personal empowerment and a means for social and human development. Educational opportunities depend on literacy. Literacy is at the heart of basic education for all and essential for eradicating poverty, reducing child mortality, curbing population growth, achieving gender equality and ensuring sustainable development, peace, and democracy., Why Is Literacy Important? UNESCO, 2010The notion of basic literacy is used for the initial learning of reading and writing, which adults who have never been to school need to go through. The term functional literacy is kept for the level of reading and writing that adults are thought to need in a modern complex society. Use of the term underlines the idea that although people may have basic levels of literacy, they need a different level to operate in their day-to-day lives., David Barton, Literacy: An Introduction to the Ecology of Written Language,  2006To acquire literacy is more than to psychologically and mechanically dominate reading and writing techniques. It is to dominate those techniques in terms of consciousness; to understand what one reads and to write what one understands: It is to communicate graphically. Acquiring literacy does not involve memorizing sentences, words or syllables, lifeless objects unconnected to an existential universe, but rather an attitude of creation and re-creation, a self-transformation producing a stance of intervention in ones context., Paulo Freire, Education for Critical Consciousness, 1974 There is hardly an oral culture or a predominantly oral culture left in the world today that is not somehow aware of the vast complex of powers forever inaccessible without literacy., Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word,  1982 Women and Literacy Joan Acocella, in a New Yorker review of the book The Woman Reader by Belinda Jack, had this to say in 2012: In the history of women, there is probably no matter, apart from contraception, more important than literacy. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, access to the power required knowledge of the world. This could not be gained without reading and writing, skills that were granted to men long before they were to women. Deprived of them, women were condemned to stay home with the livestock or, if they were lucky, with the servants. (Alternatively, they may have been the servants.) Compared with men, they led mediocre lives. In thinking about wisdom, it helps to read about wisdom, about Solomon or Socrates or whomever. Likewise, goodness and happiness and love. To decide whether you have them or want to make the sacrifices necessary to get them, it is useful to read about them. Without such introspection, women seemed stupid; therefore, they were considered unfit for education; therefore, they weren’t given an education; therefore they seemed stupid.   A New Definition? Barry Sanders, in A Is for Ox: Violence, Electronic Media, and the Silencing of the Written Word (1994), makes a case for a changing definition of literacy in the technological age. We need a radical redefinition of literacy, one that includes a recognition of the vital importance that morality plays in shaping literacy. We need a radical redefinition of what it means for society to have all the appearances of literacy and yet to abandon the book as its dominant metaphor. We must understand what happens when the computer replaces the book as the prime metaphor for visualizing the self.It is important to remember that those who celebrate the intensities and discontinuities of postmodern electronic culture in print write from an advanced literacy. That literacy provides them the profound power of choosing their ideational repertoire. No such choice or power is available to the illiterate young person subjected to an endless stream of electronic images.

Answering Questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Answering Questions - Research Paper Example Suspense keeps readers on the article besides boosting their understanding of the effects of the illicit trade as he explicitly develops them. Causal analysis refers to the process through which a writer espouses on the issues related to the cause of a problem or issue. Gardner is analyzing the cause of violence in major American cities which he identifies as the trade in illicit drugs. However, she does not simply put this boldly in the beginning of either the page or the essay because, in the process of identifying the cause to the problems, he builds the problems as well. He achieves doing this by drawing the larger picture of the frequency of the violence and the nature of the very violence. It is only after satisfactorily discussing the issues that he brings the cause into context. Causal argument, on the other hand, refers to the articulation of points to ascertain that in deed the stated reasons are the cause to the problem under scrutiny. Gardner identifies the cause of the violence as the illicit trade in drugs. To prove these, he gives reasons and alternatives to what may occur without the drug peddlers in the eq uation (Gardner 266). Drugs and drug peddling is in deed a menace in the country and in the city of Vancouver. However, pushing for legalization of the very drugs would be akin to anarchy. Currently, the drug peddlers are not known and are considered criminals by the state. They operate in the shadows and in dark alleys. The crimes they commit are brought about by betrayals within their circles. Briefly, the peddlers kill or hurt their fellow peddlers. Legalizing the drugs would mean legalizing the trade of the drugs. Entrepreneurs of all sorts will flood the drug industry; this dilutes the trade and reduces profits for the investors. Secret elimination of competition is more likely to result and it may result in the loss of very many innocent lives. The drug business does not simply begin and end with the traders. It

Issue regarding water( Alberta) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issue regarding water( Alberta) - Essay Example It called this the ‘Water for Life’ action plan (Alberta, 2010). With this goodwill from the government, it is surprising to see companies in Alberta engaging in practises that are seen to be opposite in nature to what the government is proposing. This is why this research has been conducted. It seeks to provide an assessment of water pollution in Alberta with a view of putting forth recommendations on how the same can be eradicated to ensure the sustenance of life in Alberta as water is indeed life. Water Pollution There are various causes of water pollution in Alberta, the main being human activities. Human industrial activities, the main being energy production, are seen to negatively affect the quality of water and its viability as relates to its conduciveness for human consumption. Energy is a requirement for the smooth running of operations in any region, but its production should not attain a superior status vis a vis the preservation of the environment. The compa nies in Alberta have set out to achieve energy production while destroying the water in Alberta, herein lies the problem. It is shocking that the Albertan government has put profits above the health of the people and the sustenance of the environment. This is made worse by the fact that the Canadian government has no set national standards that aim to protect the environment. This has led to an alarming trend of both air, land and water pollution whose effects are now being seen as vegetation growing on and the water coming from the contaminated areas is becoming toxic to both animal and human consumption (Committee, 2011). Companies have engaged in Hydraulic fracturing; which is the injection of fluids under high pressure into underground rock formations to access natural gas. The natural gas is easily accessed in this manner because injecting the fluids at high pressure causes cracks and fissures in the rocks which enables the gas to escape and be harnessed. This practice has been fought against because it happens not to be as fool proof as the companies would like the population to believe. This process does not guard against water pollution because the gas that is trapped in the rock makes it way via these cracks into water bodies. This has catastrophic effects because the gas renders the water dangerous for human consumption. This affected water is the same source that the citizens of Alberta use as drinking water as they get the same from surface water sources which include rivers, lakes and reservoirs which are thus polluted (Alberta, 2010). A recent study showed the presence of high levels of ethane, methane, and benzene in the water and one resident of Alberta stated "My water began dramatically changing, going bad. I was getting horrible burns and rashes from taking a shower, and then my dogs refused to drink the water. That's when I began to pay attention." (Nelson, 2010) Water is also used as a raw material in running the machines that work towards the production of oil and petroleum. Water is being absorbed by these companies at very high rates, causing the water level in Alberta to continuously fall because this same water that is

Ethical Principles and Codes of Practice Essay Example for Free

Ethical Principles and Codes of Practice Essay Ethical principles and codes of practice can provide guidance in day-to-day practice. Analyse Peter’s situation in the case study and come to a conclusion about what would be an appropriate response. This essay will analyse the ethical principles and code of practice in relation to the case study of Peter, a man suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and will suggest a course of action for Peter’s situation based upon the application of these principles and the code. It will do this by examining the term ‘ethics’ and will focus on four ethical principles found to be relative to the kinds of ethical issues and challenges met within health and social care settings, these will be applied to the case study. Peter’s situation is that of a man, who, at the request of his family, unhappily (but apparently necessarily), moved to Parkside Manor, a small residential care home. Of late Peter’s condition of Alzheimer’s disease has advanced and he has become progressively uninhibited. His behaviour has caused the staff to question Peter’s placement at the care home, as some of the other residents are beginning to become troubled and distressed by his behaviour. Some staff feel that with the number of residents needing attention, Peter’s needs require more time than they have to give. However Peter’s family are resolute in their decision for him to remain at Parkside. ‘Ethics’ are defined as ‘the philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that ought to govern it’ (Collins, 2006, p535). Individual values develop over time through socialisation, upbringing and experiences. These values when viewed on a personal level, guide individual actions. Individuals working in the health and social care setting also hold professional values derived from professional training and ideology. Decisions are made using both personal and professional values and all decisions will have an ethical dimension. Historically health and social care practitioners have been directed by principles and guidance, enabling them to develop what is described as a professional morality. Codes of practice have long been seen as regulations guiding practice, with clear standards of conduct (General Social Care Council, 2010, p 4). These usually include some exclusion’s such as disclosure of information but they mainly describe expected forms of conduct. In areas of health and social care ethical principles are used along with codes of practice to guide and enhance the decision-making process. These principles are related to a sense of doing the right thing or that which is moral and with ideas of what is good and bad practice (K217, Book 4, p28).This idea can be problematic and can be viewed both objectively and subjectively. If viewed from an objective point of view, who should be trusted to know what is the objective truth? If subjective, who is the one whose opinion should be listened to? Questions such as these are often at the core of dilemmas. Professionals working within health and social care environments do not just deal with decisions based upon the right and good. Consideration should also be given to ‘ethical dilemmas’, these are situations when two choices are apparent, both eq ual in morality and ethics (K217, Book4, p29). Pattison and Heller (2001) suggest, ethics and value issues thread their way through normal, daily health care practice, the interpretation of which is open to more than one explanation (K217, Offprints, p131). Although principles guide actions, there is still a need to assess a situation and devise an appropriate response. This assessment and response derive from an individual’s values and training as much as from principles. Ethical principles are important in the field of health and social care. Practitioners need to have the ability to make informed, ethical and justifiable decisions relating to the individuals in their care. This can be difficult when faced with a challenging case. Using a framework to develop a structured way of thinking through a particular ethical situation or challenge can be helpful. The ETHICS framework was developed to assist people working in care settings and offers a structured way of assessing a course of action in order to come to an ethically informed decision. It emphasizes the need to be able to select a course of action based upon guidance, information and established principles, as well as the individual’s beliefs. The framework requires practitioners to firstly, Enquire about the relevant facts of the case, Think about the options that are available to all involved, Hear the views of everyone (including service user, family members and relevant providers), Identify any relevant ethical principles and values which may help to guide the decision–making process, Clarify the meaning and consequences of any key values and finally Select a course of action offering supporting arguments (K217, Book4, p32). When taking into account the case study, four ethical principles will be examined. These are: respect for autonomy, non-malfeasance, beneficence and justice. The principles are seen as the starting points for the development of ethical approaches to care practice, providing a practical set of principles, which rather than offe ring direct answers to ethical dilemmas, set out useful guiding principles for practitioners when faced with controversial decisions (K217, Book 4, p34). In Peter’s situation, Autonomy or self-determination is complex. Respect for Autonomy refers to a commitment to respect the decision-making capability of an autonomous individual. Autonomy is the freedom to act as a person wishes, to be able to make decisions about their own life and not to be controlled by others. The case study points out that Peter ‘unhappily’ left his home, at the request of his family to move into Parkside Manor, indicating that Peter had no control over this situation. This lack of right to choose where he lives, directly impinges on Peter’s ability to be autonomous and make reasoned informed choices. Beauchamp and Childress (2009) identify two areas necessary for autonomy: Liberty or independence from control and Agency, the capacity for deliberate action (K217, Book 4, p39). When applying this principle to Peter’s case, it could be argued that a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s limits his capabilities to make decisions for himself, limiting capacity for intentional action and so reducing Peter’s ability to function as an autonomous individual. The codes of practice for social care workers (2010) state: ‘a social care worker must respect the rights of service users while seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or others’ (General Social Care Council, 2010, p9, 4.2). This causes a conflict of interest between Peter’s rights to act in a manner that he chooses and that of the other residents, who deserve to be able to move freely about the home without the risk of being upset or distressed by Peter’s actions. Staff may wish to take steps to minimise the potential risk of Peter’s behaviour causing mental harm and upset to other residents and by following risk assessment policies could asse ss the potential risks in this situation (General Social Care Council, 2010, p9, 4.2). Identifying harmful behaviour is multifaceted and open to interpretation. The assessment of risk could have serious consequences for Peter perhaps leading to a limiting of his rights and liberty in the interest of protecting others from harm (K217, Book 4, p60). Therefore over protection or unnecessary limitation could be considered an infringement upon Peter’s human rights (K217, Book 4 p65). The case study does not accurately point out if Peter has the mental capability to understand that his actions could be disruptive and upsetting for others. This being the case it may also be appropriate to talk to both Peter and his family about the situation in order to find a solution. As the code of practice maintains, ‘care workers must promote the independence of service users and assist them to understand and exercise their rights’ (General Social Care Council, 2010, p8, 3.1). It is suggested, that in cases where decision making capacity is deemed to be impaired, respect for autonomy may involve the care worker acting appropriately in an in dividual’s ‘best interests’ (K217, Book 4, p40). The difficulty here is that Peters best interests cannot be viewed without taking into account the best interests of other residents, care workers and relatives. This shows the limits of the code of practice in taking a narrow ethical view rather than trying to take a wider and more balanced perspective. Beneficence and the promotion of welfare are concerned with the provision of benefits and the balance of these against risk in the care and treatment of service users. It requires that care providers make a positive contribution to help others, not just refrain from acts of harm. It could be argued that in Peter’s case, moving into a residential setting may be seen as ‘doing good’. The theory of beneficence or ‘doing good’ is embedded in health and social care practice. Although, rather than being straightforward in its attempts to solve ethical dilemmas, beneficence can be viewed as being rather vague (K217, Book4, p34). The application of beneficence in Peter’s situation could be seen as a controversial one. The need to ‘do good’ in this situation could be seen to be against Peter’ s best interests, as in the case of consent. The case study alludes to the fact that Peter’s family are making decisions on behalf of Peter and that the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease means that he is incapable of contributing to decisions around his care and wellbeing. It could therefore be argued that this results in a paternalistic approach to care, whereby the family (who are making decisions on behalf of Peter) may be guided by practitioners views of what is in Peter’s ‘best interests’ and in doing so may neglect the choice and personal responsibility of the individual (K217, Book 4, p36). However paternalism may be viewed as acceptable if it is proved that Peter’s autonomy or decision-making capacity is compromised. In this case it may be advisable to initiate an assessment of Peter’s mental health capacity in order to justify the families’ involvement in the decision-making process. Beauchamp and Childress (2009) claim, the philosophy of non-malfeasance is an obligation to do no harm. Unlike beneficence, which promotes welfare and concentrates upon positively helping others, non-malfeasance focuses upon guiding health and social care practitioners to avoid harm-causing activities, this includes negligence. Having a duty of care for a person or persons in care is an ethical concept, neglect is an absence of ‘due care’ the lack of which would be seen as falling below the standards expected by the law and code of practice. The principle of non-malfeasance can be difficult to apply in practice (K217, Book 4, p37). Peter has not been physically harmed himself, although it could be disputed that his behaviour around Parkside Manor could be having a detrimental effect on the wellbeing of the other residents who are beginning to be upset by Peter’s uninhibited behaviour. Section 3 of the codes of practice for social care workers may guide staff in pr omoting the independence of other service users (residents) in assisting them to understand and exercise their rights to autonomy. Also for staff to use the appropriate procedures and protocols in which to keep other service users safe from harm (General Social Care Council, 2010, p8, 3.1). As stated, Peter’s ability to make decisions about his care could be impaired, as in the right to choose where to live (which was made at the request of his family). However, maintaining Peter in his own home, as was his wish, would require extra resources such as daily social care help. If this was unavailable, Peter’s wish to remain in his home could be seen as detrimental to his health and wellbeing as his condition deteriorated and this would not uphold the principle of non- malfeasance. The moral principle of justice according to Beauchamp (2006) is fairness in the distribution of benefit and risk (K217, Book4, p42). It can be viewed as fair, impartial and suitable treatment for the autonomous individual. This suggests that everyone has the right to participate in the decision-making process surrounding the ir own treatment. This clearly is not the case for Peter, as he may no longer be classed as an autonomous service user and may not be able to articulate his needs or desires in respect of his care. In this case the staff may wish to assign a person as an advocate to represent and support (where appropriate) Peter’s views and wishes (General Social Care Council, 2010, p6, 1.2). The case study also identifies the staffs growing concerns about their own abilities to be able to give Peter the care that he requires, with some suggesting that his needs demand more time than they have available. The code of practice sets out clear guidelines for staff in Section 3, stating that any resource or operational difficulties experienced by the care worker is to be brought to the attention of the employer or the appropriate authority (General Social Care Council, 2010, p8, 3.4). Staff working within the care home are under increasing pressure to cope with the demanding behaviour that Peter displays and in this case may feel that they are neglecting the other residents because of Peter’s growing needs. This highlights the problem staff have in distinguishing fairly between those that are seen to need support and those that are not. Discrimination such as this all be it without intention of causing harm, raises questions of inequality. As highlighted, codes of practice and other ethical guidelines are not without their limitations. These limitations are often down to an individual’s freedom of choice and their views of what is right and wrong. Codes of practice deal in respect of that is the ‘norm’ not the ‘usual’ and at this point common sense and a corporate view are necessary. Using the four principles to analyse Peter’s situation is far from simple as the principles themselves are open to individual interpreta tion. The task for those directly involved in Peters care, such as family, professionals and the care workers at Parkside, is to ascertain their legal, professional and ethical positions and balance these against the need to protect and care for other residents and staff within the care setting. This may involve identifying ways to reduce the risk to others and to Peter’s dignity and privacy. As the code of practice states ‘a social care worker must respect and maintain dignity and privacy of service users’ (general Social Care Council, 2010, p6, 1.4). Some of the staff at Parkside have begun to question if the placement is an appropriate one given Peter’s growing needs. Staff at Parkside Manor could begin to examine ways of improving the care and support on offer to both Peter and the other residents by firstly initiating an assessment of Peter’s mental health capacity, in order for staff to better comprehend Peter’s level of understanding and to further meet his needs. This will form part of a support plan that will identify resources necessary to meet his growing requirements. The case study does not adequately highlight if Parkside Manor is equipped to deal with mental health problems such as Alzheimer’s or if the population is that of older residents with general care needs. One solution for the family may be to investigate the possibility of an alternative placement for Peter. Placing Peter in a more suitable setting where the staff are more used to dealing with conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease could enhance quality of care and increase Peter’s quality of life. Bibliography Collins, 2006, Collins Concise English Dictionary. Glasgow, HarperCollins Publishers. Open University (2010) K217, Adult health, social care and wellbeing, Chapter 14, Ethics in health and social care. Milton Keynes,The Open University Open University (2010) K217, Adult health, social care and wellbeing, Offprints, Swimming in a sea of ethics and values. Milton Keynes,The Open University General Social Care Council, 2010, Codes of Practice for social care workers. Available at: http://www.gscc.org.uk/cmsFiles/Registration/Codes%20of%20Practice/CodesofPracticeforSocialCareWorkers.pdf [Accessed 25/02/12] Gillon Raanan, 1994, Medical ethics : four principles plus the attention to scope. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2540719/pdf/bmj00449-0050.pdf [Accessed 09/03/12]

The Banning of Harry Potter at Omaha Christian Academy Essay -- Censor

The Banning of Harry Potter at Omaha Christian Academy Imagine discovering that you’re not an ordinary person, but a wizard with magnificent, magical powers. Imagine attending a school where you’ll study transfiguration and charms instead of trigonometry and chem. Imagine the thrill of flying across the sky on a broomstick. These adventures and many others are waiting to be experienced in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone by novelist J. K. Rowling. This fanciful and entertaining tale has taken the youth of the nation by storm, and its sales have only been surpassed by the book’s sequels, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Unfortunately, not all children are welcome to enjoy the magic of J.K. Rowling’s literature. Because the books discuss witchcraft and wizardry, some parents and teachers have assumed that the books do not reflect religious teachings and must, therefore, be banned. The Omaha Christian Academy in Omaha, Nebraska has recently banned the sale of Harry Potter books at its book fair and refuses to purchase copies for the classrooms or library. However, the administration at Omaha Christian Academy should not prohibit reading books in the Harry Potter series. Potter Gets Cold Shoulder On October 15, 1999 an article was published in the Omaha World-Herald that angered and agitated devoted fans of Harry Potter. Omahans already knew that the Harry Potter books had been challenged in South Carolina and a few other places across the nation. Now, the controversy over the fantasy stories by J. K. Rowling had hit their home town. Apparently, the administration at Omaha Christian Academy learned of the popularity of the books and... ...The kids who read Harry Potter will not grow up to be antireligious witches and warlocks. They will develop into well-adjusted young adults who have a better understanding of how to be a hero. In order to act in the best interest of their students, the administration at Omaha Christian Academy needs to introduce the Harry Potter books into their school as soon as possible. It’s time that Christian schools be made a safe haven for Harry Potter. Works Cited Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976. Heuscher, Julius. A Psychiatric Study of Myths and Fairy Tales. Illinois: Charles Thomas, 1974. O’Connor, Michael. â€Å"Potter Gets Cold Shoulder.† Omaha World-Herald. 15 October 1999. â€Å"Save Harry Potter!† About.com. 29 October 1999.

Lake Nakuru

Lake Nakuru is located in central Kenya, 140km north-west of Nairobi in Nakuru of the rift valley Province. It covers an area of 188 km2 Lake Nakuru's climate ranges from cold, hot and humid, to hot and dry. The annual rainfall is 965mm. Lake Nakuru is a very shallow strongly alkaline lake 62 km2 in extent. It is surrounded by woodland and grassland next to Nakuru town. The landscape includes areas of marsh and grassland alternating with rocky cliffs and outcrops, stretches of acacia woodland and rocky hillsides covered with Euphorbia forest on the eastern perimeter. Lake Nakuru was first known as a bird sanctuary in 1960 and upgraded to National Park status in 1968. A northern extension was added to the park in 1974 and the lake was designated as a Ramsar site in 1990. The foundation of the parks food chains is the cyanophyte spirulina platensis which can support huge numbers of lesser flamingo. Kenya is also home to all of the Big five Animals which are Lion, Rhinoceros, Leopard, Water Buffalo and the Elephant these animals are a major tourist attraction and are one of the reasons why many tourists go to Kenya. Desertification in General It has been said that forests came before human beings and deserts followed them. Desertification is becoming a major problem as more and more of the world's land surface is turned into desert. The new deserts which are being created are not necessarily hot, dry sandy places, but are instead any areas where the soil has been so mistreated by humans that it is now useless for growing crops. You may think that this doesn't affect us here in Britain; after all, it's too wet and cold for a desert to be formed here, that may be true, but that doesn't mean that desertification won't affect us. Think about it, if our soil is not conserved, then our food supply and all our lives are threatened. Soils can be ruined easily in areas where seasonal rainfall is unreliable. Cutting down forests and trees, over-cultivation of the soil and over-grazing can all contribute to desertification. In poorer countries, farmers often know what needs to be done, but they and their families live so near to starvation that they cannot even afford to buy what they need to keep their families healthy, let alone attempt to solve their problems. Tourism in Kenya Tourism is very important to Kenya because it keeps the economy stable, the local people get to interact with people from other countries, the ideal situation is that poor rural people get a fair share of their money from the produce they make and a reasonable share of the revenues are enjoyed by the local communities in Kenya. The Government link up with poor people in the rural areas so that poverty is reduced and poor people are able to participate more effectively in tourism development while earning an adequate income. I don't feel that this always happens as seventy percent of people employed by park lodges are not local's (Maasia), this shows that the locals are not getting the jobs needed for the survival of them and there families therefore they are not getting are fair share of the jobs. Local people are not consulted before new tourist developments are built making unfair as they do not get a say on what goes on in their towns. Tourism does produce a lot of money for Kenya, in 2004 they made 39.2 billion KSh (Kenyan shillings – the local currency) and in 2005 they made 48.9 billion KSh that's an increase of 9.7 KSh in just one year, so we can see that their tourist industry is growing quite quickly. There are several factors that cause social, environmental and economic problems in Kenya, such as: Problems Concerning Tourists The climate in Kenya has very low precipitation this means that they have extremely low rainfall throughout the year. Tourists expect a certain environment when on holiday like clean drinking water, swimming pools, ice in their drinks and showers on demand to keep them cool. This puts pressure on a country with low rainfall as they can not provide these luxuries on a regular basis. A possible solution to this problem would be to attract tourists to the ‘Real Kenya' by offering a true Safari Holidays camping out, using less water and experiencing local cuisine. Due to high pollution levels in the water, one of Nakuru's main attractions, the flamingos are leaving. The flamingo come to lake to breed but as the lake is becoming more and more polluted by sediment and near by factories they have decided to flee. This is bad for Nakuru's income and tourism as many tourists come to see the large amounts of flamingos that breed here but now they have gone a lot of tourists may not bother coming to Kenya. This problem could be solved by moving the factories as far away possible from the national park and lake so that flamingos don't feel the need to leave Due to the low precipitation levels in Kenya the farmers find it hard to grow their crops, which means they can not provide food for their families and cannot make a steady income. If the tourists were to use less water there would be enough for the farmers to grow their crops and feed their animals. Tourist industries feel that locals are not qualified enough to have well paid jobs. One solution to this problem is that the tourist industries could employ some local people and as part of the job the tourist industries could give them training so that they would be able to work the higher paid jobs. This would mean that the locals with the higher paid jobs would be able to supply their families with food, clean drinking water and clean clothes and ensure that their own children receive an education which would be good for the economy as a whole. Tourists often travel around on safari in land rovers for their comfort and safety, this breaks up the soil causing deforestation and sediment in the lake, the more sediment in the lake the cooler it gets, killing fish. The Hamming and other birds feed by looking into the water and seeing the fish they want to eat, this will not be possible soon as the sediment makes the water cloudy. A possible solution to this is that the tourists could take hot air balloon flights whilst on safari instead of driving Land Rovers this would prevent the soil from breaking up, therefore creating less sediment in the lake and disruption to the environment. Problems Concerning Locals and Animals Wild animals often escape from the National Park, the animals are not used to human contact. The wild animals can then spread diseases to local domestic animals, many small farms that depend on their animals for money or food are located next to the National Park. A potential solution to this is to put up thorn fences in the national park that look more natural and will not harm the animals too much, but will stop them from escaping. The Government could also provide vaccines for the domestic animals to stop them from catching the wild animal's diseases. As the population of Nakuru town increases more mouths need to be fed which means more crops need to be grown, but the soil needs to be rested to avoid soil erosion. A possible answer to this problem is to provide better education on contraception for the farmers and local people. Nakuru town has no sewage systems and the amount of waste being produced is increasing as the population is increasing, this means that they will get an overflow of sewage, very nasty smells and the sewage also carries diseases and attracts vermin into the town. The solution to this problem is the same as the last, to provide contraception and education on how to use it for the local people to help the locals reduce the amount of children they have. The Kenyan government needs to invest/raise money for the local infrastructure. Kenya is an LEDC (Lower Economically Developed Country) and needs to expand its manufacturing industry (such as factories) to become richer. Local people need jobs and the manufacturing industry needs to expand, it is also an economical problem as the manufacturing industry needs to become richer too compete with other countries. A potential answer to this problem would be to build more factories and employ local people. The Manufacturing Industry need investment from foreign companies which would provide more jobs for locals and this would enable them to provide for themselves. After all my investigations I feel that there are a few problems that are drastic and need taking care of immediately: * Over population – If this is not taken care of then the town of Nakuru will overpopulate making it hard for farmers to grow enough crops, there won't be enough drinking water and there probably won't be enough houses. A possible solution for this is to educate the town about contraception or to introduce a law where people are only allowed to have one child and if they have more then they have to pay tax on that child. * No sewage Systems – This means that due to the over population there will be an overflow of raw sewage in the town which will bring in vermin that will bring in disease to the local people. A possible solution to this is for The Kenyan government to invest/raise money for the local infrastructure. * Wild animals with diseases often escape from the National park – This need to be taken care of immediately because if all domestic animals are infected with disease by the wild animals, then all of the local's meat will deplete and the farmers won't be able to make as much money, therefore not being able to support their families. A possible solution to this is to put up thorn fences that will be cheap and practical, but will also look very natural. Conclusion From all of my research my opinion on Safari Holidays and the problems they cause is that they are disturbing the animals for example, there is a lot of sediment in the lake causing the temperature to go down which kills the fish, also the wading birds cannot see there food in the lake. This is caused by extensive use of land rovers that should be replaced with more friendly things like hot air balloons. They also disturb the animals by doing safari early in the morning when the animals are most likely mating or hunting. Although the Safari holidays do cause problems for the animals they bring in a lot of money for the government and the locals. The money goes towards things like housing, but could also be used to build new sewage systems as the waste that is produced will start to overflow into the town of Nakuru causing disease and vermin to come into the town. If I had a chance to go to Lake Nakuru on a field trip I would look for problems such as how sturdy fences were to see if animals could escape easily or not, I would see if I could find the amount of sediment in the lake. I would like to speak to the manger of the national park and ask for their annual profit from particular areas such as safari and food and drink sales, this would show an estimate of how much is made by tourism in one year. If I were to go to Nakuru in 20 years time I would expect there to be many of these problems solved, if they are not I believe that their profit will start to fall and they will not be able to stay a national park anymore.

Fractional Distillation Process

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (CBB 2012) TITLE: FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION PROCESS ? CONTENTS 1. Title†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 2. Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 3. Introduction of Case Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 4. Risk Scenario Development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 5. Justification of Fault Tree Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 6. Procedures o f Fault Tree Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 7. Fault Tree Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 8. Possible Risk Associated with Hazards†¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 9. Accident Consequences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 10.Method to Control the Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 11. Solution to Minimize the Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 12. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 13. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 ? SUMMARY Crude oil is one the most important non-renewable sources on Earth. Demand for this black viscous liquid is growing every day in this era if modern technology. Electricity, vehicles and synthetics are among the major consumers of petroleum fluids or crude oil. Crude oil could be referred to as the ‘black gold’ due to its expensive price and complicated production process.Unlike gold, crude oil naturally is useless in its primary form. A process called fractional distillation or petroleum refining need to be carried out onto the crude oil to separate it into various components which later could be used to supply electricity to residential houses or mobilizing vehicles. Fractional distillation or petroleum refining is the process of separating crude oil into different components based on their hydrocarbon chains. It is one of the most important major processes in the oil and gas industry.Basically there are two types of fractional distillation which are in laboratory fractional distillation and industrial fractional distillation. Both have different method of conducting the process but utilize the similar concept. Industrial petroleum refining involves the separation of different length of hydrocarbon chain into specific refinery column which will produce products such as petrol, naphtha, kerosene and diesel. However petroleum refining has its own hazards and risk. It is highly flammable and could cause a major catastrophe to the plant.The purpose of this report is to study a case scenario involving the fractional distillation process and its potential hazards and risks. INTRODUCTION In 1859, the petro leum industry began with the successful drilling of the first commercial oil well and the opening of the first refinery to process the crude into kerosene. The development of petroleum refining from simple distillation to today's sophisticated processes has created a need for health and safety management procedures and safe work practices.Refining is the processing of one complex mixture of hydrocarbons into a number of other complex mixtures of hydrocarbons. In response to changing consumer’s demand for better and different products, petroleum refining has evolved continuously. The original requirement was to produce kerosene as a cheaper and better source of light than whale oil. The production of gasoline and diesel fuels resulted from development of the internal combustion engine. Nowadays, refineries produce a variety of products. It was soon discovered that high quality lubricating oils could be produced by distilling petroleum under vacuum.For the next 30 years kerosen e was the product consumers wanted due to two significant events, first is invention of the electric light decreased the demand for kerosene and second, invention of the internal combustion engine which created a demand for diesel fuel and gasoline, also known as naphtha. Most of our modern lifestyle depends on oil. The largest oil refinery is the Paraguana Refining Complex in Venezuela, which can process 940,000 barrels of oil each day. Samuel M. Kier was the first person to refine crude oil and he used the flammable oil produced by his salt wells to light his salt works at night.The burning crude produced an awful smell and a great deal of smoke. In 1850, Kier started experimenting with distillation and his refining experiments were successful and by 1851, Kier produced a product called Carbon Oil, a fuel oil which burned with little smoke and odor. By the end of the 1860s, Samuel M. Kier spent a great deal of his life trying to make crude oil useful and valuable and along the way he gave birth to the U. S. refining industry. A report based on fractional distillation or petroleum refining as a case study is used to determine the hazard and risk involve in the manufacturing process.Therefore, safety precautions could be taken when countering an accident. RISK SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT Risk may be considered as the potential or adverse effects to human health or equipment loss resulting from an activity or event if exposed to a hazard. A risk scenario is an important concept before conducting a risk assessment. Based on the case study stated previously, a risk scenario involving petroleum refining processes will be developed in case of emergency situation during which time a certain procedure need to be followed to prevent any accident from happening.There are various compartments in petroleum refining process. Instead of investigating a particular component which indicates specific process at a time, this report will generalize on all components involve in crude o il distillation. Petroleum refinery involved closed processes. Two categories of risks will be pointed out which are pollution risk and hazards risk. Pollution risk includes the release of chemicals into the atmosphere which could affect human’s health living near the refinery plant.Apart from air pollution impacts there are also wastewater concerns. Wastewater is liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry agriculture which often contains some contaminants that result from the mixing of wastewater from different sources. Improper wastewater treatment could pose health problems to human. Noise pollution could also serves as a potential source of pollution due to industrial noise which could cause disturbance to residential area near the plant. Hazard risk involves explosion, fire and corrosion.Heaters and exchangers in the atmospheric and vacuum distillation units could provide a source of ignition. Besides that, there is a potential for a fire to exist should a leak occur within the refinery. Wet hydrogen sulfide will cause cracks in steel which could leads to leak. The main hazard risk is corrosion which is a chemical hazard. Sections of the process susceptible to corrosion include preheat exchanger and hydrogen sulfide, preheat furnace and bottoms exchanger and atmospheric tower and vacuum furnace.Efficiency in petroleum refinery is very crucial to reduce the cost of maintenance. Corrosion could cause efficiency decrement and the failure of equipment as well as interrupting the maintenance schedule of the refinery during which time all of the component must be shut down. Maintenance related to corrosion in the refinery is very costly and could reach up to billions of dollars. JUSTIFICATION OF FAULT TREE ANALYSIS Fault tree analysis (FTA) is used to analyze the case study. FTA is a failure analysis technique and it involves examining preceding events leading up to a system failure.The tree starts with the accident e vent and working backwards through time, breaks it down into a series of contributory events that are structured according to certain rules and logic. This process of breaking down the event to identify contributory causes and their interaction continues until the root causes are identified. The logic diagram displays the various logical combinations of failures that can result in an accident. Advantages of Fault Tree Analysis 1. Easy to read and understand. 2. Can handle multiple failures or combinations of failures. 3.Exposes the needs for control or protective actions to diminish the risk. 4. Quickly exposes critical paths. 5. The results can provide either qualitative or quantitative data for the risk assessment process. 6. Directs the analyst deductively to accident-related events. 7. Useful in investigating accidents or problems resulting from use of a complex system. 8. Excellent for ensuring interfaces are analyzed as to their contribution to the top undesired event. Weaknes ses of Fault Tree Analysis 1. Though fault trees may reveal human error, they do little to determine the underlying cause. 2.Fault trees require detailed knowledge of the design, construction and operation of the system. 3. Not suitable for assessing normal operations. 4. Fault trees may become very large and complex. 5. Significant training and experience is necessary to use this technique properly. Once the technique has been mastered, application stays time-consuming however commercial software is available. 6. Is not practical on systems with large numbers of safety critical failures. PROCEDURES OF FAULT TREE ANALYSIS 1. Identify a specific component that is to be analyzed. This will be placed at the top of the tree, in its own individual box. . Next, all the faults that are to be found within the component need to be identified. This can be done through brainstorming to identify the failures. 3. Faults each have their own box below the component. It is now necessary to work thr ough why the faults have occurred. What were the causes? What actions resulted in these faults being created? 4. All the causes for the faults need to be identified and then set out in boxes, each one linked to the faults that are listed. 5. It is necessary to determine the root cause for each fault which may require listing several factors that contribute to the accident.Therefore we could decide which factor that can be controlled and altered so that the fault could be avoided. Root causes are then linked to the general causes. 6. Identify countermeasures. Once all the causes and the root causes have been identified, countermeasures need to be listed. These are the antidotes to the root causes and will ensure that the faults are eliminated. Countermeasures are then linked onto the root cause boxes, because they show the actions that need to be taken. 7. There are two types of gates used in a fault analysis tree : a.AND: where all the sub-faults and the other causative factors must co-exist so as to cause the fault for which they have been identified. b. OR: where the fault will occur even if only one of the sub-faults or the basic factors exists. ? FAULT TREE ANALYSIS In process of assessing and identifying the risks in a work environment, hazard analysis is the initial step to be taken. These are the types of hazard analysis: (i)Hazard & operability review (HAZOP) (ii)Failure mode & effect analysis (FMEA) (iii)Technique of operation review (TOR) (iv)Fault tree diagram (FTA) v)Human Error Analysis (HEA) (vi)Risk Analysis In our case scenario of the risk involving crude oil distillations processes, hazard analysis method that has been used is fault tree analysis (FTA). Definition of Fault Tree Analysis Fault tree analysis is a graphical representation of the major faults or critical failures associated with a product, the causes for the faults, and potential countermeasures. The tool helps identify areas of concern for new product design or for improvement of existing products. It also helps identify corrective actions to correct or mitigate problems.Importance of Fault Tree Diagram FTA is the most suitable hazard analysis as it is useful both in designing new products/services and in dealing with identified problems in existing products/services. In the quality planning process, the analysis can be used to optimize process features and goals and to design for critical factors and human error. As part of process improvement, it can be used to help identify root causes of trouble and to design remedies and countermeasures. Figure 3: Fault-Tree Analysis diagram GRAPHIC SYMBOLS FOR FAULT TREE ANALYSIS EVENT SYMBOLFunction: It is divided into two:- primary and intermediate events †¢Primary events are not further develops one fault tree †¢Intermediate events are found at the output of a gate. GATE SYMBOL Function: It describes the relationship between input and output event Basic Event It is the failure or error in a system compone nt or element. OR gate The output occurs if any of the input occurs Intermediate event Can be used immediately above a primary event to provide more room to type the event description, and also as an output of any gate AND gate The output occurs if both of the input occurs POSSIBLE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HAZARDS Since the process of fractional distillation undergoes the separation of the fractions are further converted using processes such as ‘cracking’ or ‘catalytic reforming’. Flammable hazards are therefore likely to be represented by many substances on a typical petrochemical refining plant. According to the Encyclopedia of The Earth, even though these are closed processes, heaters and exchangers in the atmospheric and vacuum distillation units could provide a source of ignition, and the potential for a fire exists should a leak or release occur.In order for gas to ignite there must be an ignition source, typically a spark (or flame or hot surface) and o xygen. For ignition to take place the concentration of gas or vapor in air must be at a level such that the ‘fuel’ and oxygen can react chemically. The power of the explosion depends on the ‘fuel’ and its concentration in the atmosphere. The relationship between fuel/air/ignition is illustrated in the ‘fire triangle’. Gases and vapors’ released from crude oil refining processing activities cause harmful effects on workers exposed to them by being absorbed through the skin, inhalation or swallowed.People exposed to harmful substances may develop illnesses such as cancer many years after the first exposure. According to Halma India News (2009) many toxic substances are dangerous to health in concentrations as little as 1ppm (parts per million). Like an example, given that 10,000 ppm is equivalent to 1% volume of any space, it can be seen that an extremely low concentration of some toxic gases can present a hazard to health. The flammable g as hazards occur when the concentration of gases or vapors exceed 10,000ppm (1%) volume in air or higher.Furthermore, toxic gases typically need to be detected in sub-100ppm (0. 01%) volume levels to protect personnel. Gaseous toxic substances are very dangerous because of their invisibility and odorless. We cannot predict their physical behavior that can influence the properties of a gas leak. Hydrogen sulphide for example is particularly hazardous; although it has a very distinctive ‘bad egg’ odor at concentrations above 0. 1ppm, exposure to concentrations of 50ppm or higher will lead to paralysis of the olfactory glands rendering the sense of smell inactive.This in turn may result in the assumption that the danger has cleared. Prolonged exposure to concentrations above 50ppm will result in paralysis and death. An excursion in liquids, pressure and temperature levels may also happened if automatic control devices undergo failure. The sections of the process that might be exposed to corrosion include, preheat exchanger, preheat furnace and bottom exchanger, atmospheric tower and vacuum furnace, vacuum tower, and overhead. It will also give crack in steel with the presence of H2S. The nitrogen oxides can form in the flue gases of furnaces when processing high-nitrogen crudesACCIDENT CONSEQUENCES According to European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (n. d) emphasized the employer should think about safety at the workplace because the employer are obliged by law to maintain a safe and healthy workplace. Besides that, most employers have a personal interest in guaranteeing the safety of their employees. In addition, the employee is responsible to think about safety at workplace. Accidents are an inevitable part of a job. However injuries not only cause loss of money but also cause pain and disruption to the workers and their family.Actually they should know that working safely is part of their future life. Safety and health at the workplace is t he responsibility of both employers and employees. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (n. d) also said that a workplace accident is an injury or illness that occurs in relation to an employee's job. Usually injuries occurs among workers resulted from an accident while performing duties and tasks. Through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as it is commonly referred to Federal law provides employees with protection while working in a safe environment.OSHA has enacted a set of rules and regulations that must be abided by all employers and as an alternative, the law also provide compensation for workers who have illness or injuries. David Greenberg Law (2012) explained a workplace accident that causes injury happens because of unsafe working conditions, defective equipment, lack of maintenance or a dangerous environment. There is a possibility for a worker to have the carpal tunnel syndrome due to jobs that required physical strain such as heavy lifting , working with hazardous materials or prolonged time in certain jobs such as typing.Many factors could causes psychological illnesses such as stressful environment, discrimination or harassment, a motor vehicle accident occurring in the performance of job related duties, an injury caused by unsafe conditions or equipment and a slip and fall at work. Being injured at work has serious and sometimes permanent and irreversible effects on its victims and their families. The pain and suffering endured is not usually covered in worker compensation plans. If an accident happened, attorney from the law firm should be consulted before taking any other actions.A workplace accident lawyer is best prepared to evaluate your particular situation and recommend the best course of action for you and your family. The workers bear about 30 percent of the total costs of workplace injury and illness. These costs include, but may not be limited to; loss of income, pain and suffering, loss of future earnin gs, past investment, and medical expenses. The problems created by an injury may provoke a necessity to shift to other jobs, retrain for other careers, and complete disability (handicap).In addition, injured employee will face financial loss as a direct result of their injuries. Besides that injury or illness put a strain on relationships in a number of ways through emotional stress, financial pressure and isolation. Family and friends are deeply impacted and this eventually may lead to problems within their relationship. The injury or illness may result in a breakup or in a temporary or permanent loss of intimacy. Attitude and response received from employers, colleagues, supervisors, and others within the workplace could affect the psychological health during the physical recovery process.The workers had to bear the risk that they need to change their lifestyle related to the injury where they and their families will endure costs, monetary losses. If you or a family member has bee n injured in the work place you should consult a law firm with workplace accident attorneys. ? METHOD TO CONTROL THE RISK After identifying the hazards in the industries we need to figure out a method to control the risk and therefore lower the chances of any accidents to occur. Some of the method we have managed to find is; Hierarchy of Controlling the RiskTo reduce the risk of a hazard occur during event is operated; the hierarchy of control should be used. The hierarchy represents the order of controls that need to be considered when selecting methods of controlling a risk from highest to lowest order control measure. The sequence of the hierarchy control is as below: i. Elimination of the hazards: -By getting rid of anything that can be related to the hazards such as equipment or substance completely but the elimination cannot cause the event become less effective to be operated. ii. Substitution with lesser hazard: By replacing the hazardous material into a lesser hazardous mat erial. iii. Using engineering controls: -By redesign the hazardous material or the work processes. iv. Isolation of the hazard: -By separating the operator and the processes that being done with, such as physical barrier, or set a range of distance between the operator and the processes conducted or even by forming a hazardous area. -Example: providing a sealed cage area for fireworks. v. Using administrative controls: -Known as policy, procedure or behavior control such as time and hours of work, how to conduct the process and who can work at the specific area. By enforcing and applying the policy or the safe procedure that had been set. -Example: provide training in the work procedures and work processes. vi. Using personal protective equipment (PPE): -Last order of control in hierarchy of control. -Type of clothing or equipment or substance that can protect the operator from the hazard. However it is not highly recommended as it is not 100% guaranteed to be safe from the hazard. -Example: hearing protection, gloves, masks, hats, high visibility vest. Applying the hierarchy of controlling the risk is not enough to reduce the risk at the work place.Therefore, other method needs to be implemented in order to create a truly safe workplace. System improvement Reduce or eliminate the possibility of a chemical release by choosing inherently safer materials and technologies. Besides that, reducing the potential severity of the impacts of a chemical release through mitigation measures (containment dikes, sprinkler systems) or emergency response plans should be carried out. Maintenances Maintenances need to be done regularly to spot any deformation or cracks in the distillation machine.This can be done by creating a comprehensive schedule for maintenances so the machine is always working in its best condition. It is also important to make sure that the person who is in charge of the maintenance follow the schedule tightly to avoid any errors and future accidents from happening. ? SOLUTION TO MINIMIZE THE RISK Controlling of pressure, temperature and liquid levels are among the important criteria that must be taken into consideration in order to find the solution that might minimize the risk of chemical hazard in fractional distillation processes.If automatic devices fail, an excursion could occur. We need to control devices within the operating parameters to prevent thermal cracking from happening in the distillation towers. To prevent unwanted crude from entering the reformer change, relief systems should be provided for overpressure and monitoring operations. There are some sections of the process that could easily be affected to corrosion include, preheat exchanger, preheat furnace and bottoms exchanger, atmospheric tower and vacuum furnace, vacuum tower and overhead.When the metal temperatures exceed 450? F, some corrosion might be happened in furnace tubing and in both atmospheric and vacuum towers. This is the place where sour crudes are processed. Wet hydrogen sulfide also will cause cracks in steel. Nitrogen oxides are very corrosive with the presence of water at low temperature. Nitrogen oxide is produced from the flue of gases furnace during high-nitrogen crudes processing. We can take initiative from chemicals such as hydrochloric acid to control corrosion that produced in distillation system.This is one of the solutions to reduce the chemical hazards. An alkaline solution such as ammonia may be injected into the overhead streams or feeding hot crude-oil to initialize the condensation process. However, usage of ammonia must be accompanied by enough supply of water. If not, ammonia chloride will be deposited which could cause severe corrosion. Appreciable amounts of water may contain in the crude feedstock that can be heated until boiling point and cause vaporization explosion when in contact with the oil in the unit. ? CONCLUSIONThis report is about potential sources of hazards in a working environment. The cas e study chosen is related to the Oil and Gas industry which is entitled ‘Fractional Distillation’. Fractional distillation is used for separating a mixture of substances with narrow differences in boiling points and it is the most important process in the oil and gas industry. Based on this report many hazards might happen in the refinery processes especially hazards related to chemicals. Therefore chemical hazards are chosen as the main hazards in the case study.Fault tree diagram is used to conduct the hazard analysis. This method is a graphical representation of the major faults or critical failures associated with the product, causes for the faults and potential countermeasures. It helps to identify corrective actions to correct or mitigate problems. This type of analysis can be used to optimize fractional distillation process features and goals and to determine critical factors and human error in the oil and gas refinery industry. Hence, we can find the solution fo r these problems if an accident occurs.As a conclusion the chemical hazards could occur due to ignition or fire that is produce from a leakage or cracks inside the distillation units. Should an accident occur, employers must think and react quickly to contain and control the situation. Employees on the other hand need to be alert all the time about the safety condition at their workplace. Adequate rules at workplace are setup by several organizations such as European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and David Greenberg Law to increase the awareness of workers toward safety.The solution were taken in order to minimize the risk is to stop the sources of accident which are leakage and corrosion. By using alkaline chemicals, the corrosion process of the distillation unit wall could be controlled thus reduce the number of accidents. ? REFERENCES Bastidas,L. M. (March 12,2012) . 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